![]() The work was supported by the Responsible Battery Coalition, a coalition of companies, academics and organizations committed to the responsible management of the batteries of today and tomorrow. Those companies included 10 cellphone manufacturers (Apple, Google, HTC, Huawei, LG, Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sony and ZTE), 10 laptop manufacturers (Acer, Apple, ASUS, Dell, HP, Lenovo, LG, Microsoft, Samsung and Toshiba), four power tool manufacturers (Bosch, DeWalt, Makita and Milwaukee Tool), and 10 electric vehicle manufacturers (BMW, Chevrolet, Ford, Fiat, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, Mercedes-Benz, Nissan and Tesla).Īuthors of the Journal of Energy Storage paper, in addition to Keoleian, are Maxwell Woody, Maryam Arbabzadeh and Geoffrey Lewis of the U-M Center for Sustainable Systems and Anna Stefanopoulou of the U-M Energy Institute. In addition to the academic literature they reviewed, the researchers surveyed publicly available information from manufacturers, looking for instructions, guidance, warnings or tips regarding the use and maintenance of lithium-ion batteries. “As the mobile electronics and EV industries continue to grow, even small improvements in lifetime extension will have significant environmental benefits,” the authors of the Journal of Energy Storage paper wrote. Capacity fade is a decrease in the amount of energy a battery can store, and power fade is a decrease in the amount of power it provides.Įxtending battery lifetime decreases costs and environmental burdens associated with the production of new batteries-including material consumption, mining impacts and greenhouse gas emissions-as well as the disposal of used batteries. ![]() There are two main forms of battery degradation: capacity fade and power fade. Almost every component is affected, including the anode, cathode, electrolyte, separator and current collectors. Lithium-ion batteries inevitably degrade with time and use.
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